Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703 by Peter The Great. It is situated
on the river Neva in the north-west of Russia.There are so many places
of interests: museums, architecture , scientific and cultural centers.
Monthly EMC seminars at 16 hours in "House of Scientists":
February 16
V. Okorokov "Economy and EMC"
March 23
N. Bahareva "Elements of biosphere in EM fields"
April 27
V. Trifanov, A. Kliorin, A. Subbota, K. Butusov, G. Vasilyeva
" Life harmony in EM fields "
Address: Dvortsovaya, 26, Saint Petersburg, Russia 191186
Tel. 7-812-3158796 Fax. 7-812-3158814
WHAT IS EMC ?
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - The ability
of a device or system to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic
environment without introducing intorable electromagnetic disturbances
to anything in that environment.
Electromagnetic disturbance (noise)-Any electromagnetic phenomenon
which may degrade the performance of a device or system.
Immunity - The ability of a device, equipment or
system to perform without degradation in the presence of electromagnetic
disturbance.
There is no EMC of equipment if a noise is too high
or equipment immunity is too low. It is possible malfunction of electronic
(control, navigation, telecommunication) equipment and terrible
catastrophe.
European Directive 89/336/EEC went into effect in
January 1996. Now it is impossible to sale electrical and electronic equipment
in Europe without certificate of compliance with EMC standards. There is
EMC certification in Russia too. Competent body can give certificate on
the base of test report.
All equipment must be tested in accredited laboratory.
Immunity tests are intended to check the operation of equipment under the
influence of electromagnetic disturbances (noise). Emission tests are intendent
to measure of electromagnetic noise generated by equipment.
RUSSIAN EMC STANDARDS
EMC certification is based on norms mentioned in document RD 50-697-90
"Rules of certification of Technical Appliances to Meet the Demands of
Electromagnetic Compatibility, and Accreditation of Testing Laboratories
(or Centers) for Tests on Electromagnetic Compatibility and in GOST 29037-91
"EMC certification testing".Now more than 60 EMC standards (GOSTs) are
published in Russia. They set EMC requirement for products, testing, measurements
and rules of EMC. Many standards are under consideration. Norms and requirements
are based upon the work of the CISPR, IEC and Russian TC EMC. Russian standards
will be harmonized with EMC European Norms. The following main EMC standards
have become mandatory throughout Russia:
Basic immunity standards
GOST R 50627-93, IEC 1000-4
Voltage dips and short supply interruptions.
Immunity requirements. A voltage dip may be caused by switching
operations and by faults. Amplitude of test voltage dip: 30% Amplitude
of interruption: 100% Duration of test disturbance 10 ms - 5 s for different
severity test levels.
GOST 29280-91
Low frequency harmonics in supply networks.
Immunity testing. Harmonics are generated in electrical networks
by thyristor rectifiers and other power equipment. Harmonics up to 20 kHz,
Total distortion factor - 10%.
GOST 29191-91, IEC 801-2
Electrostatic discharge. Immunity testing.
This disturbance is generated by discharge of static electricity.
Test voltage 2; 4; 6; 8 kV Rise time of current 0.7-1 ns, Amplitude - 7.5;
15; 22.5; 30 A, Decay of current to 4; 8; 12; 16 A after 30 ns and to 2;
4; 6; 8 A after 60 ns. Discharge is applied to every point of equipment
under test and to the ground plane.
GOST 29156-91, IEC 801-4
Fast transient bursts test.
This disturbance is generated by switching of inductive loads,
relay contacts. Voltage amplitude 0.5; 1; 2; 4 kV. Rise time 5 ns, duration
-50 ns. Repetition frequency 2.5 or 5 kHz. Duration of a burst 15 ms. Burst
period 300 ns Polarity - positive and negative. The test applies to power
supply lines, to control and signal lines.
GOST R 50007-92, IEC 801-5
Voltage - current surge test.
This disturbance is generated by switching phenomena, faults in
the power network and lightning strokes. Voltage amplitude 0.5; 1; 2; 4
kV. Rise time 1 us, duration -50 us. Current amplitude 0.25; 0.5; 1; 2
kA. Polarity - positive and negative. The test applies to power supply
lines, to control and signal lines.
GOST R 50648-93
Power frequency magnetic field test.
Origin of magnetic field is power frequency currents in conductors.
Continuos field 1; 3; 10; 30; 100 A/m. Burst 10; 30; 100; 300; 1000 A/m
up to 3 s.
GOST R 50008-92, IEC 801-3
Radiated electromagnetic field test.
Electromagnetic field is generated by radio transmitters or other
devices emitting EM energy. Test field strength 1; 3; 10 V/m. Frequency
26 - 1000 MHz. Amplitude modulation 30% (80%), frequency 1 kHz. Tests in
strip line, TEM cell.
Emission standards.
Many standards and norms set emission levels for industrial, medical,
scientific equipment, for different electrical equipment and telecommunication
apparatus, computers and electrical transport.
Product and other standards
Standards for radioapparatus. These standards set requirements
for transmitter and receiver characteristics, procedures of there measurements
and testing. There are EMC standards for different products such as: computers,
control equipment, automobile equipment, video tape recorders, rail road
equipment, nuclear power plant equipment etc.There are EMC requirement
for some transistors and microwave devices, protection components.Many
documents help manufactures to make products in compliance with EMC requirements.
They give information about EM environment, noise generation and methods
of noise protection and suppression.
EMC TESTING
Only accredited laboratories can issue test report for EMC certification.
Gosstandart accredits laboratories if there are fulfilled the following
conditions: - The availability of necessary test and measuring equipment.
- Technical competence of personal. - Independence in relation to manufacturer
and customer. Manufacturer submit to accredited laboratory technical documentation
and samples of products. The laboratory carries out tests in accordance
with Russian immunity and emission standards. Test report may be sent to
SC EMC by test laboratory to obtain certificate of compliance with EMC
standards.
Immunity testing
Please look at some frames from developed computer animation about
EMC testing:
Performance criteria for equipment under immunity test:
A - normal performance within specified limits. B - temporary degradation
or loss of function or performance which is selfrecoverable. C - temporary
degradation or loss of function or performance which requires operator
intervation or system reset. D - damage of equipment.
EMC PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
There are institutes, universities and companies in Saint-Petersburg in
the arias of EMC TESTING, DESIGN, RESEARCH, EDUCATION: Testing under voltage
and frequency variation, voltage drop, harmonics, ESD, surges, bursts,
lightning voltage and current, magnetic and electromagnetic field, EMP,
conducted and radiated emissions. EMC certification in Russia. Optimization
of product EMC design. Prediction of EMC in systems. Theoretical and experimental
research of EM environment. Computer analysis and measurements of induced
voltages in cable runs. Research of EM coupling. EMP, lightning phenomena.
EMC course.
There is production of the following simulators in Saint-Petersburg:
8000 - ESD SIMULATOR according to IEC 801-2, EN 61000-4-2. Contact
and air discharge.
